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\mode<presentation>

\title{International politics}
\subtitle{A little test on US foreign policy}
%\author{}
%\date{}	
\institute{\href{http://piquestions.com/test\_main.php}{pi-questions}}

\begin{document}
\begin{frame}
\titlepage
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\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Outline}
\tableofcontents
% ..or with breaks after each entry
%\tableofcontents[pausesections]
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\section{Introduction}
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Introduction}
    A little test on US foreign policy
nd{frame}
	

\section{COINTELPRO}
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{COINTELPRO}
    \begin{center}
	    \textbf{What is COINTELPRO?}
    nd{center}
nd{frame}
	
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{COINTELPRO}
    \begin{center}
	    \textbf{COINTELPRO is an acronym for Counter Intelligence  Program}
    nd{center}
    \bigskip
	COINTELPRO was a program run by the FBI from 1956 and 1971, aimed at  investigating and disrupting dissident political  organizations within the US. COINTELPRO included infiltration, psychological warfare,  harassment trough the legal system and extralegal  violence up to extrajudical killing. The FBI conspired with  local police departments to raid homes or accuse targets  of crimes they did not commit. Several people were killed  during such operations, most notably Black Panther Party  Chairman Fred Hampton on December 4, 1969.
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\section{Supporting terrorism}
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Supporting terrorism}
    \begin{center}
	    \textbf{Which country ever has been convicted by the International Court of Justice  for supporting terrorism?}
    nd{center}
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\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Supporting terrorism}
    \begin{center}
	    \textbf{USA}
    nd{center}
    \bigskip
	The International Court of Justice (The Hague) ruled  that the US was in violation of international law for  {\textquotedblleft}\textbf{unlawful use of force}{\textquotedblright}  in Nicaragua, through its  actions and those of its Contra proxy army. The US  refused to recognize the Court{\textquoteright}s jurisdiction and never  paid any compensation.
nd{frame}

\section{Nuclear missiles}
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Nuclear missiles}
    \begin{center}
	    \textbf{In 1962, the Soviet Union tried to station nuclear missiles in Cuba. When Kennedy exclaimed \textit{{\textquotedblleft}It{\textquoteright}s just as  if we suddenly began to put  a major number of MRBMs  [medium-range ballistic missiles] in Turkey. Now that{\textquoteright}d  be goddamn dangerous, I would think.{\textquotedblright} }
What was the response of his security adviser,  McGeorge Bundy? }
    nd{center}
nd{frame}
	
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Nuclear missiles}
    \begin{center}
	    \textbf{{\textquotedblleft}Well we did, Mister President.{\textquotedblright}  }
    nd{center}
    \bigskip
	The US had stationed nuclear Jupiter missiles already a year ago in Turkey, that could strike major Russian population centers. Cuba, as Secretary of Defense, Robert McNamara  stated “was justified in fearing an attack”. The  stationing of missiles in Cuba was “threatening to shift  the world{\textquoteright}s balance of terror to be a little less extreme in  Washington{\textquoteright}s favor.”
nd{frame}

\section{Camp David}
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Camp David}
    \begin{center}
	    \textbf{In 1977, Israel and Egypt signed a peace treaty at Camp David for which Carter later received the Nobel peace prize.
How outstanding was this event in Middle Eastern history?}
    nd{center}
nd{frame}
	
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Camp David}
    \begin{center}
	    \textbf{\textit{{\textquotedblleft}The entire process was, in reality, a diplomatic catastrophe{\textquotedblright} }}
    nd{center}
    \bigskip
	Sadat had \textit{{\textquotedblleft}offered Israel a full peace treaty in return for  Israeli withdrawal from Egyptian territory{\textquotedblright} } in 1971 already, but \textit{{\textquotedblleft}[t]he US-Israeli rejection of diplomacy led  to a terrible war, great suffering, and a superpower confrontation that could have gotten out of hand. But one of the prerogatives of power is the ability to write  history with confidence that there will be little challenge  The disaster therefore enters history as a grand triumph  of the US-run \&laquo;peace process\&raquo;{\textquotedblright} }. [Hegemony or Survival, p. 167,166]
nd{frame}

\section{Observe international law}
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Observe international law}
    \begin{center}
	    \textbf{In 1986, the UN Security Council called on all states to observe international law.
Which state rejected the proposition?}
    nd{center}
nd{frame}
	
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Observe international law}
    \begin{center}
	    \textbf{USA}
    nd{center}
    \bigskip
	“Following the US rejection of the World Court orders,  Nicaragua - still eschewing violent retaliation or threat of  terror - took its case to the Security Council, which endorsed  the court{\textquoteright}s judgment and called on all states to observe  international law. The US vetoed the resolution. Nicaragua  then approached the General Assembly, which passed a  similar resolution with only the US, Israel, and El Salvador  opposed;” [HEG, p. 102]
nd{frame}

\section{Clinton and the Kurds}
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Clinton and the Kurds}
    \begin{center}
	    \textbf{During the 1980s, Turkey was involved in numerous human rights violations  against its Kurdish population.  The US (Reagan/Bush) were turning a blind eye. What happened when Clinton took office?}
    nd{center}
nd{frame}
	
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Clinton and the Kurds}
    \begin{center}
	    \textbf{US weapon sales increased drastically, atrocities reached new heights. }
    nd{center}
    \bigskip
	“In that single year [1997] the flow of US arms to Turkey  exceeded the combined total of US military aid to Turkey  for the entire Cold War period prior to the onset of its  counterinsurgency campaign against its miserably  repressed Kurdish population.[\ldots] As atrocities escalated,  Turkey became the leading recipient of US arms  worldwide, Israel and Egypt aside, with 80\% supply  coming from Washington.” [HEG, p. 52]
nd{frame}

\section{NATO bombing}
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{NATO bombing}
    \begin{center}
	    \textbf{How did the NATO bombing of Serbia affect the atrocities in the Kosovo?}
    nd{center}
nd{frame}
	
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{NATO bombing}
    \begin{center}
	    \textbf{The atrocities increased massively and it was predictable}
    nd{center}
    \bigskip
	Not  only  did  the  atrocities  committed  by  Serbs  increase  
massively, they had been \textit{{\textquotedblleft}entirely predictable{\textquotedblright} }: \textit{«[\ldots] it had been {\textquotedblleft}fully anticipated{\textquotedblright}  }and was \textit{{\textquotedblleft}not in any way{\textquotedblright}  }a  
concern  for  the  political  leadership\textit{.    [\ldots NATO  commander Wesley  Clark]  reports  that  on  March  6  he  had  informed Secretary of  State Madleine Albright that if NATO proceeded to  bomb  Serbia,  {\textquotedblleft}almost  certainly{\textquotedblright}   the  Serbs  would  {\textquotedblleft}attack  the civilian population{\textquotedblright}  and NATO would be able to do nothing to  prevent that reaction on the ground.»} [HEG, p. 57] 
nd{frame}

\section{Turkey{\textquoteright}s refusal}
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Turkey{\textquoteright}s refusal}
    \begin{center}
	    \textbf{Before Gulf War II,  after strong public opposition (90\% plus), Turkey{\textquoteright}s parliament in a democratic move  refused to allow US troops in their country.
How did the US react?}
    nd{center}
nd{frame}
	
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Turkey{\textquoteright}s refusal}
    \begin{center}
	    \textbf{US condemned the disobedience  strongly!}
    nd{center}
    \bigskip
	«The ground war has been hampered because “Turkey  did not accept its role as host of the northern front  forces, again for political reasons. Its government was  too weak in the face of antiwar feeling.»
«[\ldots]Pentagon Planner Paul Wolfowitz […] condemned the  military, who “did not play the strong leadership role  that we would have expected” but betrayed weakness in  permitting the government to honor near-unanimous  public opinion. Turkey, he argued, had therefore to step  up and say, “We made a mistake\ldots. Let{\textquoteright}s figure out how  we can be as helpful as possible to the Americans”». [HEG, p. 136]
nd{frame}

\section{US democracy}
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{US democracy}
    \begin{center}
	    \textbf{US is known for promoting democracy everywhere in the world.  
What are the core principles of US democracy when reviewing the last 50 years of US efforts? }
    nd{center}
nd{frame}
	
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{US democracy}
    \begin{center}
	    \textbf{complete economic dominance}
    nd{center}
    \bigskip
	Democracy US-style means \textit{«[\ldots]“economic policies  that [\ldots] enable American business to operate as  freely as possible and often as monopolistically as  possible,” with the aim of creating “ an integrated,  United States-dominated capitalist world  economy.”»} [HEG, p. 69]
In other words, US “democracy” means: 
\begin{enumerate}
\item access to cheap labour 
\item access to resources
\item trade barriers removed nd{enumerate}
for US and US products.
nd{frame}

\section{Prize for Mideast terrorism}
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Prize for Mideast terrorism}
    \begin{center}
	    \textbf{If a prize were given for the most extreme terrorist atrocity in the Middle East in 1985, who would get the first prize?}
    nd{center}
nd{frame}
	
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Prize for Mideast terrorism}
    \begin{center}
	    \textbf{CIA}
    nd{center}
    \bigskip
	1. CIA, Beirut 
On 8 March 1985, a car bomb exploded outside a mosque in Beirut, Lebanon, in a failed assassination attempt to kill Islamic cleric Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah. The bombing, organized by the American CIA and British intelligence, killed more than 80 people and injured 256, almost all civilians.
The bomb explosion is estimated to have been equivalent to 200 kg (440 lbs) of dynamite. It killed worshippers leaving Friday prayer services at an adjacent mosque, and destroyed two 7-story apartment buildings and a cinema.
nd{frame}

\section{Comparing terrorism}
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Comparing terrorism}
    \begin{center}
	    \textbf{Comparing terrorist activities of CIA-trained and CIA-backed proxy-armies (like the contras in Nicaragua or in Cuba) to suicide bombers in Iraq or Israel, what is the main difference?}
    nd{center}
nd{frame}
	
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Comparing terrorism}
    \begin{center}
	    \textbf{{\textquotedblleft}We or them{\textquotedblright}  }
    nd{center}
    \bigskip
	The most basic principle in assessing a terrorist act, is “we or them”. In the latter case, it is terrorism (and well-reported in the media), in the former, it will  be paraphrased as “preventive action”, “justified  act of self-defence”, “humanitarian intervention” or  �{\textquotedblleft} if any of these is too absurd to apply -  “error”.  However, probably it is simply not reported at all.
nd{frame}

\section{Iran contra imprisonment}
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Iran contra imprisonment}
    \begin{center}
	    \textbf{In the mid 1980 the Iran-contra scandal rocked the world.
Who was put in prison as a result of the Iran-contra affair?}
    nd{center}
nd{frame}
	
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Iran contra imprisonment}
    \begin{center}
	    \textbf{Bill Breeden}
    nd{center}
    \bigskip
	Bill Breeden was {\textquotedblleft}the only person to be imprisoned as a result of the Iran-Contra Scandal.{\textquotedblright}  [PHUS 587/588]

Bill Breeden had stolen a street sign named in John Poindexter’s honor (Poindexter was security adviser and heavily involved in the Iran-contra affair) in his home town and held it for “ransom”.  He was arrested and jailed for this. None of the military or government officials involved with illegally selling weapons or funding an illegal war that the U.S. wasn’t supposed to be involved with or covering up served jail time. 
nd{frame}

\section{simple step against terror}
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{simple step against terror}
    \begin{center}
	    \textbf{What small simple step  could the US do to reduce the threat of terror and terror itself  massively?}
    nd{center}
nd{frame}
	
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{simple step against terror}
    \begin{center}
	    \textbf{Stop participating in it!}
    nd{center}
    \bigskip
	As the US are massively using unlawful use of force (terror) themselves, the most effective measure is to stop terror itself. US terror caused millions of dead people worldwide.
nd{frame}

\section{Opposition to Vietnam war}
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Opposition to Vietnam war}
    \begin{center}
	    \textbf{Towards the end of the war, the educated sector of society (about 20\%) rejected the war. What was the main reason?}
    nd{center}
nd{frame}
	
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Opposition to Vietnam war}
    \begin{center}
	    \textbf{Because it was too costly.}
    nd{center}
    \bigskip
	\&laquo; The liberal, educated community supported it right through, until the time when business turned against it. Corporate America turned against it on pragmatic grounds�{\textquotedblright} it was becoming too costly.\&raquo; p. 125
\&laquo;We have to make a distinction between the majority of the American population and the elite educated sectors that are involved in planning and management. They are completely different. Let’s take a look back at the Vietnam War again. I mentioned the way it’s analyzed by the New York Times, which is quite typical of the educated sectors. The war was wrong because it became too costly for us. That’s the general view. \&raquo; p. 127
Yugoslavia: Peace, War, and Dissolution, Noam Chomsky, 2018
nd{frame}

\section{Appendix}
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{fin}
    \Large{sources:} 

\begin{itemize}
\item [HEG] 	Noam Chomsky; Hegemony or Survival; America{\textquoteright}s quest for global dominance; Allen \& Unwin
\item [Hof] 	James Carroll; House of War: The Pentagon and the Disastrous Rise of American Power;
\item [PHUS] 	Howard Zinn (2005). A People{\textquoteright}s History of the United States: 1492-present. Harper Perennial Modern Classics deluxe edition
nd{itemize}
nd{frame}
	

\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{links:}


\begin{itemize}
\item 
\href{http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=United\_States\_as\_a\_rogue\_nation}{sourcewatch}
\item 
\href{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua\_v.\_United\_States}{wiki}
\item 
\href{http://www.chomsky.info/articles/199905--.htm}{Crisis in the Balkans, by Noam Chomsky}
\item 
\href{http://www.mediamonitors.net/mosaddeq33.html\#\_Toc5549580}{The Myth of Western Humanitarian Intervention}
\item 
\href{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COINTELPRO}{wiki}
\item 
\href{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran\%E2\%80\%93Contra\_affair\#Convictions}{wiki}
\item 
\href{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985\_Beirut\_Car\_Bombing}{wiki}
\item 
\href{http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/174899}{Tomgram: Noam Chomsky, Terrorists Wanted the World Over}
\item 
\href{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWA\_Flight\_847}{wiki}
\item 
\href{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation\_Wooden\_Leg}{wiki}
\item 
\href{http://www.newint.org/features/2011/04/01/noam-chomsky-book-interview/}{New book by Noam Chomsky}
nd{itemize}
nd{frame}

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